…interact to initiate and extend thrombosis. Plaque vulnerability is influenced by inflammation, plaque morphology and location, comorbidities, environmental factors and genetic background. Thrombotic susceptibility is…

…QT (QTc) interval May be prolonged. Arrhythmia Flecainide may induce Brugada syndrome in individuals with underlying genetic susceptibility. If ECG changes consistent with Brugada syndrome…

…genetic counselling and, where appropriate, molecular testing. The approach is particularly relevant to cardiomyopathies, channelopathies, heritable aortopathies, selected congenital heart diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension and…

…19]. Light chains are directly toxic to cardiomyocytes, inducing the elaboration of high levels of natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponin [19]. ATTR Amyloidosis: This form…

…the diagnostic method. Myocardial bridging has been identified in approximately 0.5–12% of angiographic series and up to 5–75% of CT series; other…

…Reduced cellular uptake and clearance of LDL leads to increased circulating LDL C. The principal genetic mechanisms involve: Loss of function variants in the LDL…

ECG Genetic and miscellaneous conditions J wave syndromes: early repolarization pattern, Brugada syndrome, hypercalcemia and hypothermia The J wave – also referred to as Osborn's…

…local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus…

…able to separate pericarditis from ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This may not always be simple, because both conditions bring about severe chest pain and…

…induced cardiomyopathy) Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) is a rather peculiar and certainly acute condition. Much research has been devoted to it in recent years…

…other disorders that may bring about similar ECG changes, and these are as follows: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVC/ARVD) – ARVC also tends to…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Genetic and miscellaneous conditions The early repolarization pattern and syndrome: from ECG criteria to management Although the early repolarization pattern has…

…and miscellaneous conditions A novel potentially life threatening cardiac arrhythmia syndrome identified with ECG The ECG may be used to diagnose several cardiac genetic disorders…

…for heart failure and arrhythmias. Family History of Sudden Cardiac Death (FHSCD) : A history of SCD in close relatives suggests a genetic predisposition to arrhythmias…

Echocardiography Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): from pathophysiology to echocardiography Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disorder that causes left ventricular hypertrophy under normal loading conditions. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy…

…a genetic cardiomyopathy that predominantly affects the right ventricle. ARVC is defined by the gradual loss of myocardial cells, which are replaced by fat and…

…to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes. This condition is primarily attributed to specific genetic mutations: loss of function mutations in KCNQ1 (LQT1) and…

…to malignant ventricular arrhythmias, notably torsade de pointes. This condition is primarily attributed to specific genetic mutations: loss of function mutations in KCNQ1 (LQT1) and…

…pharmacologically has not been shown to reduce cardiovascular events. Very high HDL C may paradoxically be associated with increased risk, and HDL C should therefore…

…or genetic, rare lipid, or BP disorders Pregnancy Established ASCVD includes previous acute coronary syndrome, chronic coronary syndromes, coronary revascularization, stroke, transient ischaemic attack, and…

…researchers to finally conclude that high cholesterol levels caused coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis in general. This required thousands of observational studies, genetic studies and…

…a) associated genetic variants and coronary artery disease. Associations have also been extended to peripheral arterial disease, ischaemic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and calcific aortic…

…C by approximately 50–60%, including in patients receiving background statin therapy and in those unable to tolerate statins, provided that hepatic LDL receptor expression…

…arrhythmias and therefore QT duration must always be assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders…

…and drug accumulation secondary to renal or hepatic impairment or the inhibition of cytochrome P450 metabolism [1]. Nonmodifiable risk factors encompass female sex, underlying genetic…

…induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F) are potentially hazardous and may precipitate cardiac arrest…

…DCM) refers to idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in life and a family history…

…and clinical presentation of VT, with a deep dive into the underlying etiologies ranging from benign idiopathic variants to complex scar related and genetic substrates…

…study, PET, SPECT, genetic profiling — add information but are too costly or invasive to screen a population. The surface ECG is the obvious cheap, standardized…

…Progressive dilation can subsequently impair left ventricular ejection fraction. Enlargement of the left ventricle predisposes to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. In advanced alcohol related cardiomyopathy…

…slope greater than 3 mmHg/L/min from rest to exercise. This response is age dependent and may rarely occur in healthy people older than…

…and Genetic Architecture Genetic Architecture: From Monogenic to Polygenic Models Brugada syndrome was classically defined as a monogenic, autosomal dominant channelopathy with incomplete penetrance and…

…a more stretched appearance and most often exhibit multiple villi . These myxomas are more likely to embolize (Cardiac Thromboembolism). There are genetic syndromes that result…

…electrolyte concentrations, and other factors (potentially also genetic predisposition) interact to trigger ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. These factors interact and vary over time. Some…

…disorders. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is frequently diagnosed when ischemic, valvular, and hypertensive causes are excluded. However, advances in molecular diagnostics reveal that up to…

…5. Aspiration: advance the needle with the stylet in place perpendicular to the bone surface, angled slightly anteriorly and medially. Rotate under steady pressure until…

…DICT = Drug induced cardiotoxicity Trade Name Generic/Proper Name(s) Active Ingredient(s) Cardiotoxicity Label Section DICT Concern Cardiac side effects Severity of cardiotoxicity…

…for major bleeding compared to HAS BLED. The C indices were 0.60 for HAS BLED, 0.55 for HEMORR₂HAGES, and 0.50 for ATRIA…

…navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. General principles for the management of VT/VF. Antiarrhythmic agents: doses, indications, and…

…navigate to the section): Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. General principles for the management of VT/VF. Antiarrhythmic agents: doses, indications, and…