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Diuretic Strategy and Decongestion in Heart Failure

…Assessment should integrate the history, physical examination, laboratory data and diagnostic testing. Examination for congestion Useful bedside indicators of persistent or improving congestion include: J

🟠 1-2-3-LQTS Risk Calculator

…Accurate risk stratification is pivotal in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional assessment methods have focused on genotype and QTc interval prolongation. In 2018…

🟠 1-2-3-LQTS Risk Calculator

…Accurate risk stratification is pivotal in guiding therapeutic decisions for LQTS patients. Traditional assessment methods have focused on genotype and QTc interval prolongation. In 2018…

Acute vertigo: quick reference for HINTS and differential diagnosis

…or brainstem infarction, haemorrhage, drug toxicity, demyelination HINTS plus by a trained examiner if nystagmus is present, neurological examination, gait and truncal stability Acute balance…

Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…stroke, meningitis and a postictal state. 3. Check a repeat plasma sodium if the result is unexpected or does not fit the clinical picture. 4…

Peripheral Artery Disease: Diagnosis, Ankle–Brachial Index and Risk Management

…impaired walking or a slow gait without describing classic claudication. In older adults, approximately 40% are asymptomatic, 50% report atypical leg symptoms and fewer than…

Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: Diagnosis, Cascade Screening and Treatment

…binding to the LDL receptor. Gain of function variants in PCSK9, which reduce recycling and surface availability of hepatic LDL receptors. Rare biallelic variants in…

PCSK9 Inhibitors: Indications, Efficacy and Access

…the rationale for therapeutic inhibition. Gain of function PCSK9 mutations are associated with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) and premature coronary heart disease, whereas loss of function…

🟠 Calculating Shunt Fraction (Qp/Qs) Using Echocardiography

…VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Echocardiography provides a non invasive, accessible method to calculate this ratio, guiding clinical decisions about intervention or monitoring. Below…

Oesophageal ECG

…Set the filter: a frequency range of about 15–40 Hz , and adjust the gain so that the atrial deflections are clear without clipping. 4…

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