…cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is…

…most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination…

…known malignancy, immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological signs — CT is performed first. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, coagulation status and an up to date…

…haemorrhage within the aortic media without an identifiable communication between the aortic lumen and the haematoma and without a visible intimal flap or false lumen…

…Conversely, certain macroreentrant atrial tachycardias (MRATs) that traverse protected anatomical areas may display a focal atrial tachycardia pattern on the ECG, characterized by discrete P…

…carotid stenosis have no focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be discovered during targeted duplex ultrasound (DUS), pre operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic…

…and infarction Definition and therapeutic rationale Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries…

…with raised pCO₂ Acute or acute on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal chest pain or unilaterally reduced breath…

…illness or after prolonged very high intake More than 90 percent of withdrawal seizures occur within 48 hours. Seizures later than this, focal seizures or…

…4]. Step 2: look systematically for acute organ damage Organ or condition Findings to look for Initial investigation : : : CNS Confusion, reduced consciousness, visual disturbance, foca

…brain can cause: difficulty concentrating irritability or abnormal behaviour slurred speech visual disturbance confusion focal neurological signs drowsiness or unconsciousness seizures coma The symptom threshold…

…or after vigorous exercise. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery is less frequent but is considered more malignant than anomalous origin of the right…

…predominantly focal epicardial lesion that may not be strongly flow limiting. In contrast, preserved FFR with reduced CFR may indicate coronary microvascular dysfunction or diffuse…

…consciousness. Focal neurological findings are uncommon in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with severe hypertension…

…Hypotension or shock Acute severe aortic regurgitation with heart failure Cardiac tamponade from haemopericardium Myocardial ischaemia from coronary ostial compromise Focal neurological deficits or non…

…for vasospasm or diffuse disease Type 3 Focal or tubular stenosis resembling atherosclerosis Often requires intravascular imaging to demonstrate an intramural haematoma or double lumen…