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Coronary Anatomy and Segmental Classification for the Clinician

…imperfect predictor of future myocardial infarction or sudden death. Lesions causing only mild obstruction may rupture, thrombose and occlude. Many acute myocardial infarctions arise from…

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease

…within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic segments, whereas CABG provides a bypass beyond diseased segments…

Immediate Management of Type A and Type B Aortic Dissection

…sharp or stabbing. Its location and radiation may reflect the segment of aorta involved, although the source material does not provide a detailed symptom to…

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis from Fatty Streak to Plaque Rupture

…disruption. Fewer than 5% of thin capped fibroatheromas have been identified as the source of an acute myocardial infarction during long term follow up. Moreover…

Acute vertigo: quick reference for HINTS and differential diagnosis

…is: Continuous acute dizziness with spontaneous nystagmus: consider HINTS plus, but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the…

Lumbar puncture

…the threshold, but the threshold varies between regions. Infection of the skin over the puncture site. Marked haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. CT before…

Acute Aortic Syndromes: Intramural Haematoma and Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer

…subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque that penetrates through the internal elastic lamina into the media. The lesion…

Atrial Flutter: Mechanisms, ECG Recognition and Management

…Conversely, certain macroreentrant atrial tachycardias (MRATs) that traverse protected anatomical areas may display a focal atrial tachycardia pattern on the ECG, characterized by discrete P…

Carotid Artery Disease: Screening, Medical Therapy and Revascularisation

…stenosis have no focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be discovered during targeted duplex ultrasound (DUS), pre operative assessment, or evaluation of other atherosclerotic disease…

Acute exacerbation of COPD: quick reference

…messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines…

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