…antibiotics, fluid and lactate measurement. A meta analysis of emergency department alert systems found an association with lower mortality, but most of the evidence was…

…techniques should be pursued. Heated intravenous fluids (crystalloids). Heated and moistened oxygen. Warm covers. Heat fan. Remove any cold or damp textiles. Administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation…

…intravenous access, fluid and early contact with anaesthesia or intensive care Refractory anaphylaxis Persisting airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise despite two adequate intramuscular doses of…

…1. Is there obstruction to urine flow? 2. Is the patient hypovolaemic, adequately filled or fluid overloaded? 3. Is there, or is there approaching, an…

…balloon pump. Assessment of stroke volume variation as part of fluid management. Contraindications Infection, burn or trauma over the insertion site. Insufficient collateral circulation to…

…passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability . In the absence of responsiveness, fluid does more harm than…

… 2. Is the hyponatraemia acute or chronic? Severe symptoms require immediate treatment with hypertonic sodium chloride, whether the hyponatraemia is acute or chronic. The aim…

…measured by means of Doppler (Figure 1). Figure 1. Calculating flow through a cylinder. Velocity Time Integral (VTI, stroke distance) The formula Q = a…

…Circulation Parameter Target Comment : : : MAP ≥ 65 mmHg 80–85 mmHg in chronic hypertension or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5…

…analyzing the time it takes for the sound to return to the transducer and thus calculating the distance to the structure that reflected the wave…