…retina via the optic nerve (CN II) to the midbrain, where interneurons in the pretectal area activate the Edinger–Westphal nuclei. Parasympathetic fibers (carried by…

…for a surgical airway or awake fibreoptic intubation. A difficult airway is anticipated in a stable patient — awake fibreoptic intubation or anaesthetic back up is…

…has an electrical conduction system composed of specialized myocardial cells (henceforth referred to as conduction cells). These cells form bundles of fibers that act as…

…myocardial fibers The left ventricular wall can be subdivided into several layers. These layers are similar to those seen in arteries throughout the circulatory system…

…combinations of foods habitually consumed rather than isolated nutrients considered independently. For cardiometabolic health, the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich…

…60° in relation to the fibers of the mid wall. Contraction in this layer results in a twisting (rotating) motion of the entire left ventricle…

…Hz, sensitivity about 75 %; single fibre EMG about 95 %). Contraindications Known hypersensitivity to edrophonium. Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia…

…potential occurs. If any component of the ventricular conduction system has not fully repolarized by the time the next impulse reaches the ventricles, the impulse…

…Thus, withdrawal of parasympathetic activity results in increased heart rate and increased impulse transmission across the AV node. Sympathetic fibers innervate the entire heart, particularly…

…fascicle. Approximately 5–10% of all individuals have a third fascicle – the median or centroseptal fascicle – which gives off Purkinje fibers to the interventricular septum…