…abrupt deterioration in renal function. By contrast, hypertensive urgency describes severe hypertension without clinical evidence of acute, ongoing target organ damage. Although BP reduction is…

…hypertension and a rightward shifted autoregulation [1,3]. The term hypertensive urgency is best avoided. It implies that an asymptomatic rise in blood pressure must…

…cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is…

…Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their incidence has increased…

…most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination…

…with a reduced level of consciousness, focal neurological signs or seizures — because the delay costs more than the scan contributes. Only clinical signs of herniation…

…option. Contraindications Ongoing clinically significant bleeding. Pregnancy in the first trimester and close to delivery (embryopathy and fetal bleeding respectively). Marked liver failure with coagulopathy…

…subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque that penetrates through the internal elastic lamina into the media. The lesion…

…Conversely, certain macroreentrant atrial tachycardias (MRATs) that traverse protected anatomical areas may display a focal atrial tachycardia pattern on the ECG, characterized by discrete P…

…and the broader atherosclerotic burden. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Asymptomatic disease Many patients with carotid stenosis have no focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be…