…syndromes can overlap [1,4]. Time after a clear reduction or the last intake Common clinical picture : : 4 to 12 hours Tremor, sweating, anxiety, insomnia…

…symptoms: confusion, visual loss, focal neurological signs, seizures, severe or sudden headache. Chest pain, back pain, dyspnoea, orthopnoea and new sweating. Oliguria, dark urine or…

…Symptoms Autonomic symptoms Early warning symptoms are due to sympathetic activation: sweating tremor palpitations hunger anxiety pallor paraesthesiae Neuroglycopenic symptoms An inadequate supply of glucose…

…cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is…

…Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their incidence has increased…

…most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination…

…with a reduced level of consciousness, focal neurological signs or seizures — because the delay costs more than the scan contributes. Only clinical signs of herniation…

…option. Contraindications Ongoing clinically significant bleeding. Pregnancy in the first trimester and close to delivery (embryopathy and fetal bleeding respectively). Marked liver failure with coagulopathy…

…subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque that penetrates through the internal elastic lamina into the media. The lesion…

…Conversely, certain macroreentrant atrial tachycardias (MRATs) that traverse protected anatomical areas may display a focal atrial tachycardia pattern on the ECG, characterized by discrete P…

…and the broader atherosclerotic burden. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Asymptomatic disease Many patients with carotid stenosis have no focal neurological symptoms. Asymptomatic disease may be…

…within the broader framework of guideline directed medical therapy and secondary prevention. PCI treats focal stenotic segments, whereas CABG provides a bypass beyond diseased segments…

…on chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure Rapidly falling pH An urgent ventilatory problem Focal chest pain or unilaterally reduced breath sounds Consider pneumothorax New arrhythmia or…

…including non obstructive plaque, therefore contributes prognostic information beyond identification of focal severe stenoses. Coronary anomalies Coronary artery anomalies are uncommon among the general population…

…may therefore be discordant. A reduced FFR with preserved CFR suggests a predominantly focal epicardial lesion that may not be strongly flow limiting. In contrast…

…loss of consciousness. Focal neurological findings are uncommon in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with…

…Acute severe aortic regurgitation with heart failure Cardiac tamponade from haemopericardium Myocardial ischaemia from coronary ostial compromise Focal neurological deficits or non haemorrhagic stroke Renal…

…against greater resistance, as compared with the left ventricle. Understanding this requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus…

…the defibrillation threshold, though it typically does not slow ventricular tachycardia (VT) rates. It may also be effective in fetal, pediatric patients, and young adults…

… may be mistaken for vasospasm or diffuse disease Type 3 Focal or tubular stenosis resembling atherosclerosis Often requires intravascular imaging to demonstrate an intramural haematoma…

…unsuccessful resuscitation within a 4 minute window, an emergent cesarean section should be considered to optimize fetal outcomes. The gestational age should ideally exceed 20…

…against greater resistance, as compared with the left ventricle. Understanding this requires knowledge of the fetal circulation, which is illustrated in Figure 2 . The fetus…