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Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…assuming an upright posture. Specific triggers are well recognized and include: Provoked fear, pain, anxiety, intense emotion, the sight of blood, unpleasant sights and odors…

Exercise stress testing in special patient populations

…opportunity to evaluate their performance and symptoms under the supervision of their clinician. Indeed, kinesiophobia (fear of exercising) is common after myocardial infarction and it…

Delirium in older adults: quick reference

…Delirium is common but often missed. On medical and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high…

Optimization of the ultrasound image

…high frequency waves. The frequency of the ultrasound wave must generally be reduced in order to visualize objects located far away from the transducer. Hence…

Technical aspects of the ultrasound image

Echocardiography Generating the ultrasound image The ultrasound transducer generates short bursts (pulses) of ultrasound waves. Reflected ultrasound waves are analyzed by the machine during the…

ECG localization of myocardial infarction / ischemia and coronary artery occlusion (culprit)

…far the most common anatomy, occurring in 90% of all individuals. Figure 2 is also important to study, as it shows the arterial supply of…

Stroke Volume, VTI (Velocity Time Integral) & Cardiac Output

…it measures how far blood travels during the time period. VTI is also called stroke distance. Figure 2 illustrates the recording of VTI using pulsed…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…The patient sits upright on the couch, far enough forward that the head will extend beyond the end of the couch when laid down. 2…

The Best Clinical ECG Book: ECG Made Easy or Complete?

…book? This question is far from trivial and the stakes are high; mastering ECG interpretation will frequently be a matter of life and death. ECG…

Early repolarization on ECG: when guidelines confuse ECG criteria

…which is by far the most common cause of ST segment elevation in any population (up to 90% of males aged 40 years or younger…

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