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Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…reaches hospital early. The benefit of both methods falls steeply with the time since ingestion, and both can harm the patient through aspiration. Contact your…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…specific 99th percentile upper reference limit. It is classified as acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic…

Exercise Electrocardiographic Testing: Indications, Limitations and Interpretation

…diagnostic interpretation reserved for appropriately selected patients. Pathophysiological basis Exercise progressively increases myocardial oxygen demand through increases in heart rate, myocardial contractility and blood pressure…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). The injury is considered acute if there is a documented rise and/or fall of cTn values. However…

The Best Clinical ECG Book: ECG Made Easy or Complete?

…ECG interpretation requires a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and electrocardiology. Unfortunately, numerous books and online resources fall into the trap of oversimplification. Physicians, nurses…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…upper reference limit (URL). It is considered acute when there is a rise and/or fall in cTn values. An elevated cTn alone does not…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…embolism, bleeding, stroke, etc.) as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the other categories. Trauma Cardiac arrest caused by violence, accidents…

Non-ST Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) and Unstable Angina

…common mechanism (2 5%), characterized by eruptive, dense nodular calcifications that break through the intimal layer, provoking localized thrombosis. This is predominantly observed in older…

Delirium in older adults: quick reference

…physicians: recognise hypoactive delirium, stabilise the patient, work systematically through the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs…

Premature atrial contraction (premature atrial beat / complex): ECG and clinical implications

…Because the impulse originates in the atria it will pass through the bundle of His and therefore produce a normal QRS complex (provided that intraventricular…

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