…energy requirements and mitigation of reperfusion injury are complementary objectives of initial STEMI management. The principal acute complications fall into two broad categories: Electrical complications…

…ECG interpretation requires a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and electrocardiology. Unfortunately, numerous books and online resources fall into the trap of oversimplification. Physicians, nurses…

…heart disease, other medical conditions (pulmonary embolism, bleeding, stroke, etc.) as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the other categories. Trauma…

…an opioid can be given for the pain, but the effect on the bowel must be taken into account). Known allergy to the preparation — rare…

…acute myocardial injury must be coupled with clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia. The Fourth Universal Definition classifies MI into five distinct subtypes based on…

…sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish isolated myocardial injury from…

…clinical presentation of VT, with a deep dive into the underlying etiologies ranging from benign idiopathic variants to complex scar related and genetic substrates. Furthermore…

…and ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). Historically, guidelines bifurcated ACS into STEMI and NSTE ACS pathways. However, the 2023 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and…

…single most important tool when intubation fails, since it restores oxygenation without requiring a view down into the larynx. The difficult airway rarely kills because…

…as ejection fraction may provide easily obtained parameters, but fail to provide important insights into left ventricular mechanics. Regional differences in contractile function are of…