…as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the other categories. Trauma Cardiac arrest caused by violence, accidents, burns, or other trauma…

…or underlying channelopathies (e.g., Torsades de Pointes in Long QT Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of VT is broadly dichotomized into structural heart…

…initial STEMI management. The principal acute complications fall into two broad categories: Electrical complications , particularly ventricular arrhythmias. Mechanical or pump failure complications , including heart failure…

…ECG interpretation requires a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and electrocardiology. Unfortunately, numerous books and online resources fall into the trap of oversimplification. Physicians, nurses…

…started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs is made without reduction for incomplete cross tolerance. Indications Acute severe nociceptive pain…

…the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). The injury is considered acute if there is a documented rise and/or fall of cTn values. However…

…upper reference limit (URL). It is considered acute when there is a rise and/or fall in cTn values. An elevated cTn alone does not…

…presence of myocardial necrosis. NSTEMI is confirmed by a typical rise and/or fall of high sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs cTn), with at least one…

…single most important tool when intubation fails, since it restores oxygenation without requiring a view down into the larynx. The difficult airway rarely kills because…

…fail to provide important insights into left ventricular mechanics. Regional differences in contractile function are of utmost importance, particularly in the setting of (confirmed or…