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Ectopic atrial rhythm (EAT), atrial tachycardia (AT) & multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT)

…As for any long standing tachycardia, there is a risk of developing tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy. In pediatric populations, a distinct form of atrial tachycardia may…

Short and long-term prognostication in cardiac arrest

…prolongs survival. Myocardial stunning starts to normalize within minutes after the hypoxia is relieved. However, full recovery of contractility may take hours to days. It…

Arterial Hypertension: Definition, Diagnosis and Out-of-Office Measurement

…the arms. Orthostatic hypotension: a fall of ≥20 mmHg in SBP and/or ≥10 mmHg in DBP at 1 or 3 minutes after standing, following…

Acute kidney injury: quick reference for management

…the underlying cause. KDIGO recommends prompt investigation of reversible causes, continuing staging, and treatment directed at both the cause and the severity [1]. Three questions…

Hyponatraemia: quick reference for work-up and correction

…112 mmol/L may be relatively unaffected, while a rapid fall from 140 to 125 mmol/L can cause marked symptoms [4]. Grade Plasma sodium : …

Deceased donor organ donation

…DBD DCD : : : Full name Donation after death by neurological criteria (total brain infarction) Donation after circulatory death Starting point A ventilated patient who develops total…

Warfarin therapy

…drug or nothing Preparation and equipment INR, full blood count, creatinine with eGFR and liver function tests before starting. A complete medication list including over…

Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy

…Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasm. Work up and staging of lymphoma and myeloma. Suspected bone marrow metastasis. Assessment of treatment response and…

Strain, strain rate and speckle tracking: Myocardial deformation

…Figure 1). Myocardial fibers adjacent to the endocardium are longitudinally oriented (from base to apex) and yield a longitudinal shortening (Figure 1A), which means that…

Blood Pressure Targets in Older and Frail Adults

…adverse effects such as hypotension, syncope, falls, and functional deterioration may have greater consequences in frail patients. Clinical Assessment Frailty and Functional Status Treatment decisions…

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