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Oxygen therapy

…then rebreathes carbon dioxide from the mask Mask with a reservoir 10–15 L/min 60–90 % For acute severe hypoxaemia. Fill the bag before…

The Best Clinical ECG Book: ECG Made Easy or Complete?

…their first encounter with an ECG in reality. Books that claim to make it "simple" can provide a quick entry point but fail to delve…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cardiac troponin with at least one value above the 99th percentile upper reference limit; and…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic pressure during inspiration. The inspiratory…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being the most common…

Common laboratory tests

…Comment : : : Reticulocytes 20–100 ×10⁹/L Distinguishes a production defect from haemolysis or bleeding Ferritin 15–300 µg/L (women 10–150) An acute phase…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…accompanied by a rise and subsequent fall in cardiac specific troponin attributable to myocardial ischaemia. UA presents with compatible ischaemic symptoms but without cardiac specific…

STEMI: Primary PCI and System-of-Care Time Targets

…associated with a working diagnosis of persistent ST segment elevation or an accepted equivalent in the setting of ischaemic symptoms. The immediate pathophysiological objective is…

Hypoglycaemia: quick reference for emergency management

…repeat treatment until the patient has recovered. 7. Follow up with a meal or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs…

Neutropenic fever: quick reference for emergency management

…or below 1.0 × 10⁹/L with an expected fall to below 0.5 × 10⁹/L within 48 hours Profound neutropenia A neutrophil count below…

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