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Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

…wherever in the screening interval the patient happens to be — a recently taken normal smear is no reason to refrain from investigating postmenopausal bleeding or…

Common laboratory tests

…from haemolysis or bleeding Ferritin 15–300 µg/L (women 10–150) An acute phase protein — a normal ferritin does not exclude iron deficiency in…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood, or…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…or several mechanisms acting simultaneously. Acute myocardial infarction Acute myocardial infarction requires: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in cardiac troponin…

The Best Clinical ECG Book: ECG Made Easy or Complete?

…few real world examples of the conditions, or provided too few tests to result in any clinical proficiency. The best ECG books and the most…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

…electrical or haemodynamic instability, and cardiogenic shock. ACS is distinct from myocardial infarction (MI). MI denotes cardiomyocyte necrosis occurring in the clinical setting of acute…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…a documented rise and/or fall of cTn values. However, myocardial injury alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac…

STEMI: Primary PCI and System-of-Care Time Targets

…is an acute myocardial infarction associated with a working diagnosis of persistent ST segment elevation or an accepted equivalent in the setting of ischaemic symptoms…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…injury from infarction caused by acute ischaemia. Acute myocardial infarction Acute MI requires both: Acute myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…as well as cases where the cause does not fall into the other categories. Trauma Cardiac arrest caused by violence, accidents, burns, or other trauma…

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