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Common laboratory tests

…Comment : : : Reticulocytes 20–100 ×10⁹/L Distinguishes a production defect from haemolysis or bleeding Ferritin 15–300 µg/L (women 10–150) An acute phase…

Cardiac Tamponade: Recognition and Pericardiocentesis

…life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…specific 99th percentile upper reference limit. It is classified as acute when serial measurements demonstrate a rise and/or fall. A stable elevation indicates chronic…

The Best Clinical ECG Book: ECG Made Easy or Complete?

…world: What is the best ECG book? This question is far from trivial and the stakes are high; mastering ECG interpretation will frequently be a…

Acute Coronary Syndrome: Definitions and Initial Triage

… or angina occurring after a recent MI. Myocardial injury is separate from MI. It refers to cardiac troponin release that does not fulfil the criteria…

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…documented rise and/or fall of cTn values. However, myocardial injury alone is an entity in itself and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions…

STEMI: Primary PCI and System-of-Care Time Targets

…mitigation of reperfusion injury are complementary objectives of initial STEMI management. The principal acute complications fall into two broad categories: Electrical complications , particularly ventricular arrhythmias…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…injury from infarction caused by acute ischaemia. Acute myocardial infarction Acute MI requires both: Acute myocardial injury , demonstrated by a rise and/or fall in…

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

…al. ). Figure 1 presents data from the Swedish Cardiac Arrest Registry, which has recorded causes of cardiac arrest with a separate category for cardiac etiologies…

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…or measure at the toe instead. Marked pain that prevents the patient from tolerating compression. Preparation and equipment Equipment: a handheld Doppler probe 5–10…

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