…β₁-selective of the routinely used beta-blockers, with documented mortality benefit in heart failure from CIBIS-II. Bioavailability is close to 90 % and elimination…

…the loop of Henle. The dose–response relationship is a threshold curve, not a line: below the threshold nothing happens, and in renal failure the…

…choose when reversibility matters. With a half-life of 9 minutes and the effect gone 20–30 minutes after the infusion ends, it is useful…

…and heart failure resembles that of selective COX-2 inhibitors and is seen already at doses below 100 mg/day and with short treatment duration…

…reduced heart failure events regardless of ejection fraction in EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved, and slowed renal function decline down to eGFR 20 in EMPA…

…for hypertension and stable angina, and the easiest calcium channel blocker to use: once-daily dosing, a half-life of almost two days, and no…

…symptomatic patient with HFrEF who remains above 70 beats per minute despite maximally tolerated beta-blockade, where SHIFT demonstrated reduced risk of heart failure hospitalisation.

…short notice. The disadvantages are continuous infusion, an unpredictable dose–response relationship due to binding to plasma proteins, and the risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

…Reduces mortality in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction — the effect is dose-dependent, and underdosing is more often than adverse effects the reason for…

…role belongs to phenoxymethylpenicillin — but for treatment failure, recurrent otitis, otitis with concurrent purulent conjunctivitis, and as a suspension alternative in pneumonia in young children…

…II receptor blocker (ARB) Prodrug hydrolysed to candesartan during absorption that binds the AT₁-receptor tightly and slowly reversibly — hence the even effect over 24…

…reduced cardiovascular death and worsening heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, DELIVER showed equivalent benefit with preserved and mildly reduced EF, and DAPA-CKD demonstrated…