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Cardiac amyloidosis

…clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites, and hepatic enlargement …

Peripheral Artery Disease: Diagnosis, Ankle–Brachial Index and Risk Management

…More distal disease may cause foot symptoms, although lower extremity symptoms are much more common than upper extremity symptoms. The severity of symptoms should be…

Incretins in Cardiometabolic Medicine: Leveraging GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Receptor Agonism for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

…HbA1c) reduction, blood pressure, lipids and smoking cessation. Weight loss was considered extremely difficult across patient categories. However, the emergence of incretin based therapies, starting…

Gastric lavage and activated charcoal

…within about 1 hour (a liquid preparation) or 2 hours (tablets). With very large quantities of an extremely toxic preparation, lavage can be discussed later…

Atropine: Dosing in Bradycardia and Its Limitations

…when the sinus rate is extremely low—such as less than 40 to 50 beats per minute in the first 4 to 6 hours after…

Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Assessment and Treatment

…High Obesity 35.0–39.9 II Very high Extreme obesity ≥40 III Extremely high BMI is useful for screening and population level risk estimation…

Cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT): Interpretation and evaluation in acute coronary syndromes

…cTnI and cTnT are specific to cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac troponin levels are extremely low in healthy subjects; the 99 th percentile is less than…

Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…RATING LEVEL OF EXERTION COMMENT 6 No exertion at all 7 7.5 Extremely light exertion 8 9 Very light exertion For a healthy person…

Factors that modify the natural course in acute myocardial infarction (AMI)

…there are additional factors that deserve mention. Collateral circulation: connected coronary arteries Coronary collateral circulation may be extremely important. Collateral circulation develops in ischemic myocardium…

Adenosine: Administration Technique, Dose Escalation and Precautions

…of these highly efficient elimination pathways, adenosine has an extremely short elimination half life of 1 to 6 seconds. Most of the drug's pharmacological…

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