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Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome, stress induced cardiomyopathy)

…research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur in situations with extreme stress, such as car accidents…

ECG parameters

…to adults in sinus rhythm, recorded at a paper speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10 mm. At 50 mm/s a…

Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…vascular beds. Malignant hypertension represents an extreme form in which acute microvascular injury occurs, classically involving fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries in the kidneys, retina…

Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Assessment and Treatment

…In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2. Severe obesity is generally defined as BMI ≥35…

The electrical axis of the heart (ECG axis)

…lead II. Extreme axis deviation (–90°to 180°) : Net negative QRS complex in leads I and II. Figure 2. The direction of the QRS complex. Axis…

The electrical axis of the heart (heart axis): ECG & physiology

…I and II. Heart axis deviation: right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular…

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and Holter ECG

…the investigation will be usable. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) Indications Confirmation of newly detected hypertension — recommended before treatment is started . Suspected white coat hypertension…

🟠 QTc Interval Calculator (Bazett’s, Fridericia’s, Hodge's and Framingham Formulas)

…converting to Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Notice how arterial blood pressure (ABP) drops at the onset of TdP. ECG by Nakstad et al (Scand…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…acute myocardial injury without having an infarction. The degree of troponin elevation does not by itself establish the mechanism. Increased concentrations may result from acute…

🟠 BMI and Body Surface Area (BSA) calculator

…not indicate the types or distribution of body fat. It may not be accurate for all populations, particularly at the extremes of height and weight…

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