…tone) and decreases during expiration (due to increased vagal tone). This results in a slightly irregular rhythm. Sinus arrhythmia occurs in the majority of healthy…

…rhythm except from the fact that the rhythm is slightly irregular ( Figure 1 ). This is mostly a normal (physiological) finding, particularly among young and healthy…

…the end of expiration. It provides an integrated view of ventilation , metabolism , and perfusion . Carbon dioxide, a byproduct of aerobic metabolism, is transported from the…

…mass index For people of South Asian, Chinese and Japanese origin, lower thresholds apply: overweight from a BMI of 23 and obesity from 27.5…

…only investigation that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of the test determines its…

…Hemodynamic effects of constrictive pericarditis Diastolic heart failure and right heart failure The rigid pericardium prevents all four heart chambers from dilating adequately during diastole…

…In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart failure may predominate. Pericardial effusions associated with post infarction pericarditis are…