…tone) and decreases during expiration (due to increased vagal tone). This results in a slightly irregular rhythm. Sinus arrhythmia occurs in the majority of healthy…

…rhythm except from the fact that the rhythm is slightly irregular ( Figure 1 ). This is mostly a normal (physiological) finding, particularly among young and healthy…

…the end of expiration. It provides an integrated view of ventilation , metabolism , and perfusion . Carbon dioxide, a byproduct of aerobic metabolism, is transported from the…

…irrespective of sex Mid upper arm circumference Midpoint of the upper arm < 23 cm suggests undernutrition in adults Calf circumference Largest circumference < 31…

…only investigation that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of the test determines its…

…blood flow from the pulmonary vein to the left atrium is hampered. This reduces the filling of the left atrium and, accordingly, the left ventricle…

…and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct associated pericarditis , which develops from several hours to approximately 4 days after infarction and…