…tone) and decreases during expiration (due to increased vagal tone). This results in a slightly irregular rhythm. Sinus arrhythmia occurs in the majority of healthy…

…rhythm except from the fact that the rhythm is slightly irregular ( Figure 1 ). This is mostly a normal (physiological) finding, particularly among young and healthy…

…the end of expiration. It provides an integrated view of ventilation , metabolism , and perfusion . Carbon dioxide, a byproduct of aerobic metabolism, is transported from the…

…mass index For people of South Asian, Chinese and Japanese origin, lower thresholds apply: overweight from a BMI of 23 and obesity from 27.5…

…only investigation that distinguishes obstructive from restrictive impairment of lung function, and COPD cannot be diagnosed without it . The quality of the test determines its…

…and expiration. The E wave velocity is lower during inspiration. Differential diagnosis: restrictive cardiomyopathy It is important to be able to differentiate constrictive pericarditis from…

…and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct associated pericarditis , which develops from several hours to approximately 4 days after infarction and…