…and decreases during expiration (due to increased vagal tone). This results in a slightly irregular rhythm. Sinus arrhythmia occurs in the majority of healthy pediatric…

…by myocardial ischemia (affecting the sinoatrial node), sinus node dysfunction or side effects of digoxin treatment. If the rhythm becomes completely regular when holding the…

…Baseline) : Reflects inhaled air devoid of CO 2 . Phase II (Rapid Expiration) : Represents the transition of air from anatomical dead space to functional alveolar space…

…BMI or percentile charts should be used. Waist circumference Measure the waist between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, at the end of expiration…

…Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs. Contraindications Forced expiration raises the…

…blood flow from the pulmonary vein to the left atrium is hampered. This reduces the filling of the left atrium and, accordingly, the left ventricle…

…Clinical presentation and symptoms The characteristic clinical syndrome consists of: Malaise Fever Pericardial or chest discomfort Leukocytosis Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate Pericardial effusion Pericardial pain…