…anemia, hyperthyroidism and myocarditis are common etiologies. Treatment of the underlying cause should resolve the sinus tachycardia. Sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) fulfills…

…by myocardial ischemia (affecting the sinoatrial node), sinus node dysfunction or side effects of digoxin treatment. If the rhythm becomes completely regular when holding the…

…Baseline) : Reflects inhaled air devoid of CO 2 . Phase II (Rapid Expiration) : Represents the transition of air from anatomical dead space to functional alveolar space…

…BMI or percentile charts should be used. Waist circumference Measure the waist between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, at the end of expiration…

…Assessment of pulmonary involvement in systemic disease, for example rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma, and during treatment with pulmonary toxic drugs. Contraindications Forced expiration raises the…

…cardiomyopathy It is important to be able to differentiate constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy, as a result of which the myocardium is rigid and imperative…

…Clinical presentation and symptoms The characteristic clinical syndrome consists of: Malaise Fever Pericardial or chest discomfort Leukocytosis Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate Pericardial effusion Pericardial pain…