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In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…sustained inflammatory and reparative response. Proliferation and accumulation of tissue within the stent progressively reduce the lumen. The stent scaffold prevents the external constriction that…

Components and construction of a pacemaker

… i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an action potential that will spread…

Terminology of sudden cardiac arrest and resuscitation

…involves the use of chest compressions, as well as possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac…

Cardiac arrest in hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia

…a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent muscle contraction upon administration of halogenated anesthetic agents. As an idiosyncratic response to substances such…

Basic cardiac pacing, pacemaker functions and settings

…excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum amount of energy required to reach threshold and evoke…

Exercise Electrocardiographic Testing: Indications, Limitations and Interpretation

…which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually on a treadmill, while symptoms, a 12 lead ECG, heart rate and blood pressure are monitored…

Casting and immobilisation

…centimetres beyond the planned ends of the cast. 3. Pad evenly , 2–3 layers with about 50 per cent overlap, and add extra padding over…

Intravascular Imaging: IVUS and OCT for PCI Optimisation

…the lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful for determining vessel size, plaque burden, and the dimensions of lesions…

Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…occur in over 40% of females and 30% of males due to a lack of effective reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli…

Arrhythmias before and during cardiac arrest

…or pulseless VT (i.e. shockable), and the probability of survival is higher (since these arrhythmias can be defibrillated). Likewise, the later the ECG is…

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