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In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…sustained inflammatory and reparative response. Proliferation and accumulation of tissue within the stent progressively reduce the lumen. The stent scaffold prevents the external constriction that…

Components and construction of a pacemaker

ECG Principles of myocardial excitability Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that…

Terminology of sudden cardiac arrest and resuscitation

…involves the use of chest compressions, as well as possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac…

Cardiac arrest in hyperthermia and malignant hyperthermia

…a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent muscle contraction upon administration of halogenated anesthetic agents. As an idiosyncratic response to substances such…

Basic cardiac pacing, pacemaker functions and settings

…excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum amount of energy required to reach threshold and evoke…

Exercise Electrocardiographic Testing: Indications, Limitations and Interpretation

ECG Exercise stress test Definition and clinical role Exercise electrocardiographic testing is a standardized assessment in which a patient performs progressively increasing external work, usually…

Casting and immobilisation

…against the skin. 6. Fold the ends of the stockinette back over the edge of the cast and smooth the edges. 7. Secure with an…

Intravascular Imaging: IVUS and OCT for PCI Optimisation

… minimum stent area. The limitations of gray scale IVUS include lower spatial resolution than OCT and imperfect discrimination between plaque components. Radiofrequency or virtual histology…

Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…occur in over 40% of females and 30% of males due to a lack of effective reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli…

Arrhythmias before and during cardiac arrest

…or pulseless VT (i.e. shockable), and the probability of survival is higher (since these arrhythmias can be defibrillated). Likewise, the later the ECG is…

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