…exercise training; volume expansion; avoidance of cardiac stimulants. Beta blockers have been used for symptomatic patients, but effective doses may produce troublesome chronic fatigue. Non…

…renal dysfunction High likelihood of progression to end stage renal disease; preparation for renal replacement therapy is required 5 <15 mL/min/1.73 m²…

…aortic expansion, refractory pain and hypertension despite treatment. A related entity is non A non B dissection , which involves the arch without involvement of the…

…important. Cardiorenal syndrome may develop during acute decompensated heart failure, but worsening renal function does not necessarily indicate reduced cardiac output or impaired renal perfusion…

…useful tool for detecting hypertrophy/dilatation but echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (cardiac MRI) are superior to the ECG in terms of sensitivity and specificity…

…It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary distinction being the exclusion of sex parameter (female sex) as a…

…ATS/ERS removed the previous minimum requirement of 6 seconds in adults and 3 seconds in children, but many laboratories and spirometers still use it…

…pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first days after ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)…

…the likelihood of cardiovascular collapse when PCI fails or flow is severely compromised. Clinical Presentation No reflow may become apparent during or immediately after PCI…

…phase 3 study (TRITON), key exclusion criteria included increased bleeding risk, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a history of pathological intracranial findings. Patients with ACS undergoing PCI…