…The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged fasting or a very low carbohydrate intake excessive alcohol consumption vomiting or othe

…in correcting hyponatremia is the prevention of osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), previously known as central pontine myelinolysis. Excessively rapid correction of sodium can result in…

…a sacral pressure sore or extensive perineal wounds where urinary leakage prevents healing. Voiding problems in neurogenic bladder dysfunction, in the first instance with clean…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with…

…Definition and pathophysiology Obesity is a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an important cause of…

…effects Excessive sedation. Confusion. Hallucinations. Hypotension. Bradycardia. AV block. Constipation Contra indications Bradycardia. Caution • Clonidine may induce severe hypotension. • Clonidine is not recommended in most…

…to the treated segment, occurred in 10–15% during the first year. The dominant mechanism was excessive intimal hyperplasia within the stent. Restenosis was more…

…include: Diabetes and insulin resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy Some antiretroviral…

…and class III antiarrhythmic effects. The drug comprises both d and l isomers, which share similar efficacy in prolonging repolarization. However, the l isomer is…

…prolonged, produces multiorgan dysfunction and death. In the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), cardiogenic shock most commonly reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction…