…to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying cause. Researchers previously believed that this form of hypertension was a…

… 150 mg/dL (≥1.7 mmol/L) in ESC primary prevention guidance 175–499 mg/dL (2.0–5.6 mmol/L) Severe HTG ≥500…

…the underlying mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. While a detailed understanding of these mechanisms is not essential for all clinicians, it is reasonable to acquire an…

CPR This chapter will introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac…

…stress testing, myocardial ischemia and ischemic symptoms Understanding the basic principles of exercise physiology is essential to conduct and evaluate the exercise stress test. Exercise…

…failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) at hospitalization warrants evaluation [5]. Heightened awareness is essential in patients with severe aortic stenosis, particularly the low flow…

…for the longer duration of diastole compared to systole. Clinical utlility Monitoring MAP is essential for assessing adequate organ perfusion, especially in critically ill patients…

…of systemic arterial pressure. This renoprotective effect involves a reduction in intraglomerular hyperfiltration and hypertension by disproportionately reducing glomerular efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. Clinical Presentation and…

…making ALI a medical emergency in which prompt recognition, specialist assessment and restoration of perfusion are essential. The abrupt arterial obstruction may result from progression…

…depends on the adequacy of cardiac output. Isolated sinus bradycardia that is unaccompanied by hypotension or ventricular ectopy is generally asymptomatic and hemodynamically stable. However…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Therapeutic Rationale Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and contributes to microvascular and macrovascular complications. It…

…are revolutionizing public health strategies, transcending their original roles as glucose lowering agents to become essential tools for cardiovascular risk reduction, offering profound benefits in…

…PVR is essential for identifying a precapillary pulmonary vascular component. PAWP is used to distinguish pulmonary venous hypertension caused by left heart disease from pulmonary…

…in a pregnant patient, immediate consultation with an obstetrician, neonatologist, and anesthesiologist is essential. Figure 1 . When a pregnant woman is supine, the uterus can…

…antidote is not available, it is essential to provide supportive care and maintain vital functions artificially until the substance undergoes renal elimination, hepatic elimination or…

…therefore critical. The 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is an immediately available diagnostic tool that can provide essential clues to LMCA occlusion or critical stenosis. This…

…system ensures rapid and synchronized spread of depolarization, which is essential for coordinated and efficient atrial and ventricular activity. The conduction system includes the sinoatrial …

…accuracy. Additionally, considering factors such as patient demographics, muscle mass, and clinical context is essential when interpreting eGFR results to ensure appropriate clinical decision making.

…possible secondary hypertension should undergo appropriate screening for an underlying secondary cause. Evaluation and physical examination Standardized office measurement Accurate technique is essential because inconsistent…

…In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that treatment decision. Population to which SCORE2 and SCORE2…

…extended monitoring exceeding 3 weeks is necessary, an implantable loop recorder is essential to accurately establish the diagnosis. Electrophysiology In patients with presyncope or syncope…

…Tissue loss, ulcers and gangrene may develop. In patients with CLTI, early recognition and referral to a vascular team are essential for limb salvage. Acu

…to sinus rhythm. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings Renal function biomarkers are essential in the evaluation and ongoing management of patients on sotalol. Because the drug…

…reduced cardiac output and systemic hypoperfusion. LV failure may produce elevated filling pressures, pulmonary venous hypertension, and pulmonary congestion. Hemodynamic deterioration is more likely with…

…Relief of Triggers Addressing the underlying precipitating factors is a critical component of acute management [4]: Electrolyte Management : Correction of electrolyte derangements is essential [4]…

…detection of T waves and R waves. It is essential that T waves and R waves are clearly visible, since these waves trigger the acquisition…