…to as primary hypertension . Essential hypertension is defined as hypertension without an identifiable underlying cause. Researchers previously believed that this form of hypertension was a…

… 150 mg/dL (≥1.7 mmol/L) in ESC primary prevention guidance 175–499 mg/dL (2.0–5.6 mmol/L) Severe HTG ≥500…

…the underlying mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias. While a detailed understanding of these mechanisms is not essential for all clinicians, it is reasonable to acquire an…

CPR This chapter will introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac…

…stress testing, myocardial ischemia and ischemic symptoms Understanding the basic principles of exercise physiology is essential to conduct and evaluate the exercise stress test. Exercise…

…failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) at hospitalization warrants evaluation [5]. Heightened awareness is essential in patients with severe aortic stenosis, particularly the low flow…

…for the longer duration of diastole compared to systole. Clinical utlility Monitoring MAP is essential for assessing adequate organ perfusion, especially in critically ill patients…

…of systemic arterial pressure. This renoprotective effect involves a reduction in intraglomerular hyperfiltration and hypertension by disproportionately reducing glomerular efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. Clinical Presentation and…

…making ALI a medical emergency in which prompt recognition, specialist assessment and restoration of perfusion are essential. The abrupt arterial obstruction may result from progression…

…depends on the adequacy of cardiac output. Isolated sinus bradycardia that is unaccompanied by hypotension or ventricular ectopy is generally asymptomatic and hemodynamically stable. However…