…episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension…

…dangerous and benign causes. Ask primarily how the symptoms began, whether they are continuous or episodic, how long an attack lasts, and whether anything actually…

… neovascularization and intraplaque haemorrhage; calcification and remodelling; episodic plaque disruption followed by thrombosis. Atherosclerotic disease usually evolves over decades. Intimal thickening may be present during…

…be categorized according to whether they are: Not associated with ischaemia Associated with episodic ischaemia Associated with obligatory ischaemia Anomalies may involve the coronary ostium…

…persistent or episodic and may not follow a classical pattern of stable exertional angina. Vasospastic angina should be suspected when patients have repetitive episodes of…

…persistent, long standing persistent and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is…

…for dialysis? AKI occurs in about one fifth of adults during a hospital episode in international studies and is linked to substantial mortality, even though…

…de pointes . ECG showing an episode of sinus rhythm (with multiple ventricular premature beats) spontaneously converting to Torsade de Pointes ventricular tachycardia. Notice how arterial…

…repolarisation, thereby facilitating reentry. Episodes of TdP are frequently pause dependent, initiated by either a slowing of the heart rate or a PVC induced pause…

…therefore heterogeneous. Irreversibly scarred regions may alternate with viable segments that are dysfunctional because of repeated ischemic episodes or chronic reductions in perfusion. The amount…

…treatment. It is associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke…

…pathophysiology is rooted in autonomic dysregulation within a structurally normal heart. During an episode, decreased cardiac output and a potential paradoxical vasodilation with hypotension occur…

…will alleviate the ischemia, improve myocardial function and increase resistance to episodes of more severe myocardial ischemia. Collateral circulation may be very effective in reducing…

…AV node, bundle of His or the bundle branches. Tachycardia can cause AV blocks during or after the tachycardia episode. Under certain circumstances, bradycardia can…

Echocardiography Cardiomyopathy caused by tachycardia A prolonged tachycardia can cause cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy …

…Thus, ischemic episodes may pass asymptomatically. Importance of heart rate during myocardial perfusion imaging It is generally accepted that achieving 85% of the age adjusted…

…insomnia, tachycardia, hypertension, headache, nausea and vomiting 8 to 24 hours Alcoholic hallucinosis, often visual, auditory or tactile hallucinations with a relatively clear level of…

…block, Mobitz I (Wenckebach): repeated episodes with progressive lengthening of the PR interval until an atrial beat is blocked (the QRS complex fails to appear)…

…inhibitors, erythropoietin, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and drugs directed against vascular endothelial growth factor. Episodes of headache, palpitations, sweating and pallor that may suggest phaeochromocytoma. Systemic…

…Dofetilide, Ibutilide, Sotalol Class IV Non dihydropyridine L type Ca 2+ channel blockers Diltiazem, Verapamil Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Bold text indicates…

…relatives suggests a genetic predisposition to arrhythmias. Non Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia (NSVT) : Episodes of VT are a strong predictor of SCD. Unexplained Syncope : Syncope without…

…Another male patient, with similar ST segment changes, experienced syncopal episodes, ventricular tachycardia (including torsades des pointes), ventricular fibrillation arrests and moderate left ventricular dysfunction…

…pain or pressure, and an accelerating pattern. An accelerating pattern includes increasingly frequent or severe episodes, longer episodes, a lower threshold for provocation, or symptoms…

…elevated cardiac troponin concentration and new ST segment depression in new onset AF should not automatically be labelled type 2 myocardial infarction without further assessment…

…to fluid retention and worsening congestion The clinical course may be chronic and relatively stable or punctuated by episodes of worsening heart failure requiring hospitalization…

…approximately 1–2% without reperfusion to about 0.2% in the reperfusion era. Clinical presentation and symptoms A new episode of hypotension, recurrent chest pain…

…as criteria for myocardial infarction. This is explained by the fact that T wave inversions do occur after an ischemic episode, and these T wave…

…to a single lesion or process. Although Type 1 MI and acute coronary syndromes are commonly related to atherothrombotic events, myocardial ischaemia may also result…

…Nevertheless, patients who develop serious arrhythmias during spontaneous episodes represent a higher risk subgroup. Evaluation and physical examination The cardiac examination is usually normal when…

…Dofetilide, Ibutilide, Sotalol Class IV Non dihydropyridine L type Ca 2+ channel blockers Diltiazem, Verapamil Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Bold text indicates…

…and episodes of myocardial ischemia, do not cause ventricular arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. It is clear that only a negligible fraction of all episodes of…

…that a traditional 12 lead ECG only presents a few seconds of myocardial electrical activity and there is a chance that ischemic episodes are missed…

…cases with intermittent symptoms, it is important to establish a temporal correlation between symptoms and episodes of bradyarrhythmia on ECG recordings. Normal heart rate and…

…abnormalities. Assessment of wall motion abnormalities is particularly important in the setting of chronic or acute coronary artery disease. All types of ischemia– chronic, acute…

…that type of normalization is much slower and it is explained by the gradual death (and thus the disappearance of membrane potential) in the ischemic…