…proBNP are more frequent in this pattern. Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of…

…to the angiographic appearance of the treated epicardial artery, because the defining abnormality is inadequate distal perfusion in the absence of a major residual epicardial…

…extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and…

…Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the epicardial coronary arteries and/or the coronary microcirculation…

…contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia…

…reserve (FFR) is an invasive, lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis. It is defined during maximal…

…obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular dysfunction Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) Standard angiography may fail to demonstrate plaque disruption…

…and infarction Definition and therapeutic rationale Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries…

…arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular function may lead to myocardial infarction…

…predominantly from obstructive epicardial coronary disease, coronary vasospasm, microvascular dysfunction, or combinations of these mechanisms. Drug selection can therefore be tailored to the suspected mechanism…

…lesion that appears moderate may be functionally important, while an anatomically severe lesion may not identify the patient most likely to benefit from intervention. Conversely…

…lesion, but it may cause local coronary injury over time. Atherosclerotic disease appears more likely to develop in the arterial segment proximal to the bridge…

…Ischemia When acute ischemia is transmural, the ST vector typically shifts in the direction of the outer epicardial layers, producing ST elevations over the ischemic…

…is consequently recommended to complement ICA, particularly for intermediate non left main coronary stenoses. Myocardial ischaemia may occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction…

…MI: MI related to CABG. Type 4b and type 4c events fulfil the criteria for type 1 MI. Procedural myocardial injury may also occur without…

…It is defined by symptoms lasting more than 3 months and attributable to established reversible myocardial ischaemia in either of two settings: Obstructive coronary artery…

…underlying process usually involves acute thrombotic obstruction of an epicardial coronary artery. A vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and thrombogenic blood interact to initiate and extend thrombosis…

…therefore be considered throughout assessment. Coronary disease is most commonly related to atheromatous plaque producing progressive narrowing or obstruction of epicardial coronary arteries. Endothelial dysfunction…

…sudden cardiac arrest is common. The following cardiomyopathies lead to dilation of the ventricle: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Idiopathic or genetic . Ischemic cardiomyopathy Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Diabetic…

…of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). The purpose of a 12 lead ECG is to detect ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Stable patients with ROSC presenting with…

…present but stenosis is minimal or mild, symptoms are also unlikely to be caused by flow limiting epicardial disease, and alternative causes should remain under…

…Myocardial flow reserve is the ratio of stress myocardial blood flow to resting myocardial blood flow. It provides an integrated measure influenced by epicardial stenosis…

…and inflammatory extravascular compression. This impaired tissue perfusion can extend injury beyond the initial ischemic zone and contributes to ventricular failure. Mechanisms of Shock The…

…and infarction Definition and conceptual framework Acute coronary occlusion is the abrupt or progressive reduction of coronary blood flow sufficient to produce myocardial ischaemia and…

…or slightly declined over the past two decades, the incidence of HFpEF continues to rise steeply [6] . This epidemiological shift is primarily driven by the…

…Data from the TRED HF trial demonstrated that withdrawal of guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) in these patients leads to a high rate of relapse…

…Reserve (CFR) & Index of Microcirculatory Resistance (IMR) CFR: ratio of hyperemic to resting coronary flow/velocity (Doppler or thermodilution wire) — reflects combined epicardial + microvascular resistance…

…in the assessment of myocardial reperfusion The ECG is an invaluable tool to assess whether an occlusion has been resolved and blood flow has been…