…proBNP are more frequent in this pattern. Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to both microvascular and epicardial vasomotor disorders. Endothelial activation can promote the release of…

…to the angiographic appearance of the treated epicardial artery, because the defining abnormality is inadequate distal perfusion in the absence of a major residual epicardial…

…extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal arterial lesions. Although epicardial coronary arteries are a major site of disease, atherosclerosis is systemic and…

…Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) comprise the clinical manifestations of chronic structural and/or functional disease involving the epicardial coronary arteries and/or the coronary microcirculation…

…contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter advanced from a peripheral artery to the aortic root and coronary ostia…

…reserve (FFR) is an invasive, lesion specific physiological index used to estimate the functional significance of an epicardial coronary stenosis. It is defined during maximal…

…obstructive lesion Coronary embolism or thrombus Epicardial coronary vasospasm Coronary microvascular dysfunction Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) Standard angiography may fail to demonstrate plaque disruption…

…and infarction Definition and therapeutic rationale Multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) refers to clinically significant atherosclerotic disease affecting two or more major epicardial coronary arteries…

…arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular function may lead to myocardial infarction…

…predominantly from obstructive epicardial coronary disease, coronary vasospasm, microvascular dysfunction, or combinations of these mechanisms. Drug selection can therefore be tailored to the suspected mechanism…