…the valve leaflets (Figure 1). Rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of mitral regurgitation in low and middle income countries. Rheumatic heart disease typically…

…endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant valvular disease. Table 1. Etiologies in acute endocarditis. Table 2. Etiologies in…

…may cause mitral valve disease, which results in changes in the pressure volume relationships in the ventricle and the atrium. Pressure and/or volume overload…

…infarction. Ebstein's anomaly (Figure 1). Carcinoid heart disease. Endocarditis (common in intravenous drug addicts). Myxomatous degeneration. Rheumatic heart disease. Dilatation of the right ventricle…

…LVEDP and LAP, which in turn results in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease…

…heart disease can occur at any age and multiple valve lesions are common (typically the aortic and mitral valve). Rheumatic heart disease is rare in…

…myxomas. Papillary fibroelastoma Papillary fibroelastoma is benign primary tumors affecting adults. These tumors most often occur in the aortic valve and the mitral valve. generally…

…Causes of pulmonary regurgitation Pulmonary hypertension Endocarditis Myxoma Carcinoid heart disease Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization…

…acute and chronic ischemic heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac…

…artery disease. Assessment of exercise capacity and symptoms in known heart disease. Risk assessment after myocardial infarction or before revascularisation. Evaluation of treatment effect in…