Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

…smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers, cardiovascular risk falls within five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter. The overall health benefit…

…one being refractory and the other capable of conducting the impulse, re entry may arise. This is illustrated in Figure 1 (study this figure carefully)…

…nurses, paramedics and physician assistants who rely on such books will realize their shortcomings at their first encounter with an ECG in reality. Books that…

…puncture, and antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression…

…times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce…

…Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation…

…or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for individuals without known clinical coronary…

…enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances. As for ventricular enlargement, the ECG cannot differentiate dilatation from hypertrophy…

…all Western countries. According to a Cochrane review, for every 10,000 apparently healthy newborn infants, around six will have critical CHD, and the pulse…

…de pointes, a specific form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia characterized by irregular (polymorphic) QRS complexes that appear to twist around the isoelectric baseline. The risk…

…from injured cardiomyocytes at substantially lower concentrations than earlier generation assays. They can identify troponin concentrations in approximately 50–95% of healthy individuals, whereas sensitive…

…refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology…

…If the left atrium encounters increased resistance (e.g due to mitral valve stenosis) it becomes enlarged (hypertrophy) which amplifies its contribution to the P…

…Assessing pacemaker function requires knowledge of the mode of pacing, and careful analysis of ECG tracings. Most modern devices are capable of transmitting ECG tracings…

…If the sound waves encounter a new medium, some sound waves will be reflected while others will transfer the mechanical (pressure) energy to the new…