…bradycardia and tachycardia. Fridericia’s and Framingham formulas are often preferred in scenarios where a broader range of heart rates is encountered, as they may…

…of transmitting ECG tracings continuously to cloud based platforms, which enables the clinician to examine intracardiac ECGs at any time. However, most clinicians who encounter…

…generate vibrations in the surrounding air and these vibrations propagate in the form of a sound wave. If the sound waves encounter a new medium…

…it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology. This is an example of how…

…ergospirometry (exercise stress testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based…

…thought it was a decent book with an abundance of illustrations that appeared pedagogical, despite the fact that it had not been updated for decades…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…adults the spinal cord ends at T12–L1, so these levels encounter only the roots of the cauda equina. If in doubt: choose a level…

…is called P pulmonale because pulmonary disease is the most common cause ( Figure 3, P pulmonale ). If the left atrium encounters increased resistance (e.g…

…establish: Current smoking status. Cigarettes smoked per day. Duration of smoking and cumulative exposure. Previous quit attempts and their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated…

…mitrale, because mitral valve disease is a common cause (Figure 1). The duration of the P wave will exceed 120 milliseconds in lead II. Biatrial…

…individuals with a family history of premature coronary artery disease. CAC findings incidentally identified on a chest CT performed for another indication can also contribute…

…Use of the term PSVT is therefore not recommended. Synonyms for AVNRT Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachyarrhythmia Atrioventricular…

…Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning with a discussion of…

…Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation…

…segment elevation, immediate reperfusion assessment is required. Patients with NSTE ACS should be admitted for management of acute ischaemia. Those with possible ACS, a non…