…care programme for bacterial CNS infections states that CT must not be performed before lumbar puncture in suspected bacterial meningitis — not even with a reduced…

…go unnoticed for many years. Occasionally, major defects may go unnoticed until adulthood. Echocardiography in CHD Echocardiography is performed in all patients with suspected CHD…

…approximately 20–50%. Their greater analytical sensitivity improves diagnostic accuracy and negative predictive value in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Cardiac troponin is…

…nurses, paramedics and physician assistants who rely on such books will realize their shortcomings at their first encounter with an ECG in reality. Books that…

…acoustic shadowing. Reverberations artifacts Ultrasound waves can be reflected multiple times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion…

…of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of…

…enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances. As for ventricular enlargement, the ECG cannot differentiate dilatation from hypertrophy…

…in patients with established atherosclerotic disease. Readiness and behavioural context A brief, structured intervention should be used whenever smoking is identified. During encounters with smokers…

…However, in cases of rapid AVNRT or in patients with underlying structural heart disease, the arrhythmia may result in symptoms indicative of reduced cardiac output…

…to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning with a discussion of the underlying mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias…

…Hemodynamic determinants of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO…

…interval is often corrected for heart rate, resulting in the corrected QT (QTc) interval. Several formulas exist to calculate QTc, each with its own characteristics…

…However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should…

…vibrations propagate in the form of a sound wave. If the sound waves encounter a new medium, some sound waves will be reflected while others…

…refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology…

…of the P wave, PR interval and PR segment The P wave ECG interpretation usually starts with assessment of the P wave. The P wave…