…accelerated algorithm has already been initiated. Evaluation and Physical Examination Patients with suspected ACS should undergo expedited emergency department assessment. The initial evaluation includes: Targeted…

…tau). Measurement of the opening pressure in suspected idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Therapeutic drainage in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and in assessment before shunt surgery. Contraindications Clinical…

…unnoticed until adulthood. Echocardiography in CHD Echocardiography is performed in all patients with suspected CHD. Echocardiography provides detailed morphological and functional information. The vast majority…

…management, key aspects of pathophysiology and discussions on differential diagnoses for each condition. Moreover, most books included very few real world examples of the conditions…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of…

…for this are explained below. The normal P wave contour on ECG The normal P wave (Figure 1, upper panel) is typically smooth, symmetric and…

…the acute event and warrant particular attention. Cardiovascular benefits of cessation The principal benefits relevant to clinical cardiology include: Clinical setting or outcome Reported benefit…

…as long as it encounters excitable tissue. As it circulates within the node, it emits impulses both upwards to the atria and downwards (via His…

…activity. This is partly due to the rise of cardiac imaging and invasive electrophysiological methods which allow for detailed in vivo studies of arrhythmias. However…

…managing conditions like sepsis, trauma, and shock, where perfusion may be compromised. Hemodynamic determinants of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and…

…For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. The QT interval represents the time between the onset of ventricular depolarization and…

…most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should be…

…generate vibrations in the surrounding air and these vibrations propagate in the form of a sound wave. If the sound waves encounter a new medium…

…refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology…

…is angled alongside the P wave vector, and the exploring electrode is located in front of the P wave vector ( Figure 2, right hand side)…