…with the prolongation of survival. Neonatal screening with pulse oxymetry The majority of all congenital heart defects are detected early in infancy or childhood. For…

…patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those who continue. After acute coronary syndrome…

…pathophysiology and discussions on differential diagnoses for each condition. Moreover, most books included very few real world examples of the conditions, or provided too few…

…needle is unavailable or cannot be advanced. An introducer for the atraumatic needle — it is too soft to pass through the skin on its own…

…For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence, the…

…establish the presence or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for individuals without…

…as P pulmonale . The reasons for this are explained below. The normal P wave contour on ECG The normal P wave (Figure 1, upper panel)…

…normally via the His Purkinje system, and in most cases, there is no significant hemodynamic compromise. However, in cases of rapid AVNRT or in patients…

…or if both these are abnormal. These circumstances are now discussed in detail. Abnormal impulse formation Abnormal impulse formation can cause arrhythmias by the following…

…of the average arterial pressure and is a better indicator of organ perfusion. In clinical settings, MAP is often preferred over SBP for the following…

…formulas can vary depending on the heart rate and individual patient characteristics. Bazett’s formula has a tendency to overcorrect or undercorrect at extreme heart…

…the information obtained from longer serial intervals. Clinical Presentation and Initial Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for…

…visible or invisible, depending on e.g the type of pacemaker, intrinsic cardiac activity, etc. The cardinal manifestation of pacing on surface ECG is the…

…It is easy to measure the distance between two peaks (maximum) or two lows (minimum). However, the distance between any two points can be measured…

…refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology…

…that the P wave in lead II might actually be slightly asymmetric by having two humps. This is often (but not always) seen on ordinary…