…regularly encounter patients with CHD. Approximately 95% of all incident cases of congenital heart disease reach adulthood ( Mandalenakis et al ). The largest leap in survival…

…patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those who continue. After acute coronary syndrome…

…Our recommendations below are based on how well each book/website have covered the following aspects: Physiology (particularly cardiac electrophysiology) Pathophysiology (causes and mechanisms underlying…

…or cannot be advanced. An introducer for the atraumatic needle — it is too soft to pass through the skin on its own. Local anaesthesia: lidocaine…

…For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence, the…

…Systematic screening of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves…

…as P pulmonale . The reasons for this are explained below. The normal P wave contour on ECG The normal P wave (Figure 1, upper panel)…

…Synonyms for AVNRT Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachyarrhythmia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachyarrhythmia Some textbooks use the term "node…

…into the following categories: Bradyarrhythmia s (bradycardia): arrhythmias commonly due to dysfunctional automaticity in pacemaker cells or blocking of impulses somewhere along the conduction system…

…of the average arterial pressure and is a better indicator of organ perfusion. In clinical settings, MAP is often preferred over SBP for the following…

…a factor based on the difference between the heart rate and 60 beats per minute. It is another approach used to account for heart rate…

…Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS. Features that increase the likelihood of ACS include: Sudden symptoms…

…which enables the clinician to examine intracardiac ECGs at any time. However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface…

…includes the base units metre (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (electric current) and Kelvin (temperature). This system is recommended globally. Amplitude Amplitude describes the…

…Purkinje system early, while some fibers are still refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse…

…that the P wave in lead II might actually be slightly asymmetric by having two humps. This is often (but not always) seen on ordinary…