…regularly encounter patients with CHD. Approximately 95% of all incident cases of congenital heart disease reach adulthood ( Mandalenakis et al ). The largest leap in survival…

…patients with established peripheral artery disease, those who stop smoking have approximately twice the five year survival of those who continue. After acute coronary syndrome…

…include all these aspects. Most books lacked clinical management, key aspects of pathophysiology and discussions on differential diagnoses for each condition. Moreover, most books included…

…or cannot be advanced. An introducer for the atraumatic needle — it is too soft to pass through the skin on its own. Local anaesthesia: lidocaine…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…premature coronary artery disease. CAC findings incidentally identified on a chest CT performed for another indication can also contribute to risk assessment. Visual reporting of…

…as P pulmonale . The reasons for this are explained below. The normal P wave contour on ECG The normal P wave (Figure 1, upper panel)…

…Synonyms for AVNRT Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachyarrhythmia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachyarrhythmia Some textbooks use the term "node…

…imaging and invasive electrophysiological methods which allow for detailed in vivo studies of arrhythmias. However, this chapter focuses on clinical aspects of arrhythmology to provide…

…MAP is often preferred over SBP for the following reasons: Indicator of Organ Perfusion : MAP is a more reliable indicator of blood flow to vital…

…60] For all formulas: RR interval = 60 / HR Validity of QT correction formulas The accuracy of QT correction formulas can vary depending on the…

…longer serial intervals. Clinical Presentation and Initial Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS. Features that increase…

…However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should…

…metal, or tissue and fluids in the human body. Sound waves arise when a sound source generates mechanical vibrations in the particles of the medium…

…refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology…

…humps. This is often (but not always) seen on ordinary ECG tracings and it is explained by the fact that the atria are depolarized sequentially…