…in patients with established atherosclerotic disease. Readiness and behavioural context A brief, structured intervention should be used whenever smoking is identified. During encounters with smokers…

…According to the European Society for Cardiology, 2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects, and half of them have moderate or complicated…

…Systematic screening of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves…

…include all these aspects. Most books lacked clinical management, key aspects of pathophysiology and discussions on differential diagnoses for each condition. Moreover, most books included…

…For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological signs — CT is performed first. Preparation and equipment…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…for this are explained below. The normal P wave contour on ECG The normal P wave (Figure 1, upper panel) is typically smooth, symmetric and…

…impulse reaches the atrioventricular node when there are two pathways, one being refractory and the other capable of conducting the impulse, re entry may arise…

…activity. This is partly due to the rise of cardiac imaging and invasive electrophysiological methods which allow for detailed in vivo studies of arrhythmias. However…

…standard formulas. Therefore, while MAP is a valuable indicator of hemodynamic status, it should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical assessments and diagnostic information.

…For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. The QT interval represents the time between the onset of ventricular depolarization and…

…ECG, and serial hs cTn measurements. Troponin results should not be interpreted in isolation because myocardial injury is also encountered in non ACS cardiopulmonary disease…

…most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should be…

…If the sound waves encounter a new medium, some sound waves will be reflected while others will transfer the mechanical (pressure) energy to the new…

…more common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch block alternating from one beat to another)…

…display higher amplitude in lead II and lead V1. Such a P wave is called P pulmonale because pulmonary disease is the most common cause…