…in patients with established atherosclerotic disease. Readiness and behavioural context A brief, structured intervention should be used whenever smoking is identified. During encounters with smokers…

…are generally detected with neonatal pulse oximetry (POX) screening , which is routine in all Western countries. According to a Cochrane review, for every 10,000…

…sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same age and sex CAC may also reveal extracoronary findings…

…their shortcomings at their first encounter with an ECG in reality. Books that claim to make it "simple" can provide a quick entry point but…

…care programme for bacterial CNS infections states that CT must not be performed before lumbar puncture in suspected bacterial meningitis — not even with a reduced…

…i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the…

…with the right atrium being depolarized before the left atrium. The first half of the P wave is therefore a reflection of right atrial activation…

…unless there is a intraventricular conduction defect. The ventricular rhythm is regular (as is the atrial) with a rate ranging between 150 and 250 beats…

…which allow for detailed in vivo studies of arrhythmias. However, this chapter focuses on clinical aspects of arrhythmology to provide readers with a solid understanding…

…Clinical utlility Monitoring MAP is essential for assessing adequate organ perfusion, especially in critically ill patients. A MAP of approximately 60 to 65 mmHg is…

…Reference intervals for QTc duration according to Bazett's formula. Note that a QTc interval 480 is always considered pathological. For patients with bundle branch…

…assessment is required. Patients with NSTE ACS should be admitted for management of acute ischaemia. Those with possible ACS, a non diagnostic ECG, and normal…

…who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should be considered a…

…a sound wave has 1000 Hz, then 1000 wave cycles pass every second. Audible sound and ultrasound The human ear can perceive sound waves with…

…refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology…

…V2. lead V5 only notes vectors heading towards the exploring electrode (albeit with somewhat varying angles) and therefore displays a positive P wave throughout. Figure…