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Congenital heart disease & GUCH (Grown Up Congenital Heart disease)

…for every 10,000 apparently healthy newborn infants, around six will have critical CHD, and the pulse oximetry test will correctly identify five of these…

The Best Clinical ECG Book: ECG Made Easy or Complete?

…differential diagnoses for each condition. Moreover, most books included very few real world examples of the conditions, or provided too few tests to result in…

Lumbar puncture

…The Swedish clinical care programme for bacterial CNS infections states that CT must not be performed before lumbar puncture in suspected bacterial meningitis — not even…

Artifacts in ultrasound imaging

…times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce…

Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring: Prognostic Use in Practice

…of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of…

Left atrial enlargement (P mitrale) & right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) on ECG

…any limb lead. Reference values for the P wave The negative deflection of biphasic (diphasic) P waves is generally <1 mm deep. P wave duration…

Smoking Cessation: Pharmacotherapy and Cardiovascular Benefit

…and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers…

Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT): ECG features & management

…or in patients with underlying structural heart disease, the arrhythmia may result in symptoms indicative of reduced cardiac output, such as pre syncope or syncope…

Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re-entry (reentry)

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

🟠 Mean arterial pressure (MAP) calculator

…Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation…

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