…the most severe malformations have become routine practice. The treatment repertoire includes surgery, catheter interventions, and medical therapies. Adults with congenital heart disease are mostly…

…of pathophysiology and discussions on differential diagnoses for each condition. Moreover, most books included very few real world examples of the conditions, or provided too…

…antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression, papilloedema or…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…establish the presence or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for individuals without…

…atrial enlargement (P mitrale) and right atrial enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances. As for ventricular enlargement…

…quit attempts and their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated barriers to cessation. Exposure to second hand smoke. Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other…

…system, and in most cases, there is no significant hemodynamic compromise. However, in cases of rapid AVNRT or in patients with underlying structural heart disease…

…activity. This is partly due to the rise of cardiac imaging and invasive electrophysiological methods which allow for detailed in vivo studies of arrhythmias. However…

…average arterial pressure and is a better indicator of organ perfusion. In clinical settings, MAP is often preferred over SBP for the following reasons: Indicator…

…For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. The QT interval represents the time between the onset of ventricular depolarization and…

…longer serial intervals. Clinical Presentation and Initial Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS. Features that increase…

…most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should be…

…metal, or tissue and fluids in the human body. Sound waves arise when a sound source generates mechanical vibrations in the particles of the medium…

…refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology…

…is angled alongside the P wave vector, and the exploring electrode is located in front of the P wave vector ( Figure 2, right hand side)…