…their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated barriers to cessation. Exposure to second hand smoke. Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled products. Readiness…

…unprepared for real world scenarios where ECG interpretation often makes a life altering difference. Dr. Araz Rawshani, a leading cardiovascular researcher at the University of…

…puncture, and antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…impulse reaches the atrioventricular node when there are two pathways, one being refractory and the other capable of conducting the impulse, re entry may arise…

…On the other hand, sinus bradycardia developing during physical exercise is considered abnormal, because heart rate must increase during exercise. Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias The…

…Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation…

…the prolongation of survival. Neonatal screening with pulse oxymetry The majority of all congenital heart defects are detected early in infancy or childhood. For obvious…

…Systematic screening of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves…

…of the normal P wave does not exceed 2.5 mm in any limb lead. Reference values for the P wave The negative deflection of…

…bradycardia and tachycardia. Fridericia’s and Framingham formulas are often preferred in scenarios where a broader range of heart rates is encountered, as they may…

…segment elevation, immediate reperfusion assessment is required. Patients with NSTE ACS should be admitted for management of acute ischaemia. Those with possible ACS, a non…

…to the QRS morphology during LBBB. Stimulation in other regions of the ventricle may result in a different QRS morphology. If the lead tip is…

…in the form of a sound wave. If the sound waves encounter a new medium, some sound waves will be reflected while others will transfer…

…it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology. This is an example of how…

…meaning that the greater portion of the P wave is positive but the terminal portion is slightly negative (the vector generated by left atrial activation…