…include all these aspects. Most books lacked clinical management, key aspects of pathophysiology and discussions on differential diagnoses for each condition. Moreover, most books included…

…For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression, papilloedema or new focal neurological signs — CT is performed first. Preparation and equipment…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…attempts and their duration. Triggers for smoking and anticipated barriers to cessation. Exposure to second hand smoke. Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled…

…impulse reaches the atrioventricular node when there are two pathways, one being refractory and the other capable of conducting the impulse, re entry may arise…

…the sinoatrial node) is a common finding in athletes and during sleep; in these scenarios, it should not be considered abnormal. On the other hand…

…standard formulas. Therefore, while MAP is a valuable indicator of hemodynamic status, it should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical assessments and diagnostic information.

…According to the European Society for Cardiology, 2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects, and half of them have moderate or complicated…

…screening of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection…

…and right atrial enlargement is often referred to as P pulmonale . The reasons for this are explained below. The normal P wave contour on ECG…

…a factor based on the difference between the heart rate and 60 beats per minute. It is another approach used to account for heart rate…

…with NSTE ACS should be admitted for management of acute ischaemia. Those with possible ACS, a non diagnostic ECG, and normal initial troponin may be…

…most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should be…

…If the sound waves encounter a new medium, some sound waves will be reflected while others will transfer the mechanical (pressure) energy to the new…

…refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology…

…humps. This is often (but not always) seen on ordinary ECG tracings and it is explained by the fact that the atria are depolarized sequentially…