…The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary and secondary prevention. Observational evidence indicates that cessation lowers the risk of peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction…

…go unnoticed for many years. Occasionally, major defects may go unnoticed until adulthood. Echocardiography in CHD Echocardiography is performed in all patients with suspected CHD…

…world: What is the best ECG book? This question is far from trivial and the stakes are high; mastering ECG interpretation will frequently be a…

…from several international guidelines. The Swedish clinical care programme for bacterial CNS infections states that CT must not be performed before lumbar puncture in suspected…

…times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce…

…of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of…

…dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances. As for ventricular enlargement, the ECG cannot differentiate dilatation from hypertrophy, which is why some experts have suggested…

…nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a common tachyarrhythmia observed across all age groups, from children to the elderly, and frequently occurs in otherwise healthy individuals…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

…Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation…

…s formula. Fridericia's Formula: QTc = QT interval / (RR interval) 1/3 Framingham (Sagie’s) Formula Derived from the Framingham Heart Study, this linear…

…information obtained from longer serial intervals. Clinical Presentation and Initial Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS…

…However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should…

…vibrations propagate in the form of a sound wave. If the sound waves encounter a new medium, some sound waves will be reflected while others…

…impulse from the premature beat reaches the His Purkinje system early, while some fibers are still refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a…

…portion of the P wave is positive but the terminal portion is slightly negative (the vector generated by left atrial activation heads away from V1)…