…improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a prolonged period…

…for every 10,000 apparently healthy newborn infants, around six will have critical CHD, and the pulse oximetry test will correctly identify five of these…

…the trap of oversimplification. Physicians, nurses, paramedics and physician assistants who rely on such books will realize their shortcomings at their first encounter with an…

…infection. Suspected inflammatory disease: multiple sclerosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome, autoimmune encephalitis. Meningeal carcinomatosis and CNS involvement in haematological malignancy. Investigation of dementia with biomarkers (amyloid…

…echogenicity). For each reflection, a portion of the sound waves return to the transducer and produce a copy of the reflector on the image. Hence…

…presence or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for individuals without known clinical…

…as P mitrale , and right atrial enlargement is often referred to as P pulmonale . The reasons for this are explained below. The normal P wave…

…have any clinical relevance and it may lead to misunderstanding. Use of the term PSVT is therefore not recommended. Synonyms for AVNRT Atrioventricular nodal reentrant…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

…systolic blood pressure alone. Predictive Value : Elevated MAP has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as stroke, and mortality. Stability : MAP…

…For patients with bundle branch blocks, the corresponding figure is 500 ms. The QT interval represents the time between the onset of ventricular depolarization and…

…Presentation and Initial Clinical Context Chest pain or discomfort is the most common symptom initiating evaluation for ACS. Features that increase the likelihood of ACS…

…most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should be…

…generate vibrations in the surrounding air and these vibrations propagate in the form of a sound wave. If the sound waves encounter a new medium…

…it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology. This is an example of how…

…wave changes in lead II and lead V1 ( Figure 3 ). Enlargement of the right atrium is commonly a consequence of increased resistance to empty blood…