…of congenital heart disease in the general population, such that most clinicians will regularly encounter patients with CHD. Approximately 95% of all incident cases of…

…nurses, paramedics and physician assistants who rely on such books will realize their shortcomings at their first encounter with an ECG in reality. Books that…

…must never delay it. Indications Suspected meningitis or encephalitis. Suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage with a normal or non diagnostic CT. Suspected neuroborreliosis, neurosyphilis or another CNS…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

…of the general population for cardiovascular risk factors has not been shown to improve cardiovascular outcomes, although opportunistic assessment during clinical encounters improves detection of…

…enlargement (P pulmonale) The atria may become dilated and/or hypertrophic during pathological circumstances. As for ventricular enlargement, the ECG cannot differentiate dilatation from hypertrophy…

…smokers for a prolonged period. In heavy smokers, cardiovascular risk falls within five years of stopping but may remain elevated thereafter. The overall health benefit…

…Synonyms for AVNRT Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachyarrhythmia Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachyarrhythmia Some textbooks use the term "node…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…

…Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation…

…bradycardia and tachycardia. Fridericia’s and Framingham formulas are often preferred in scenarios where a broader range of heart rates is encountered, as they may…

…hs cTn measurements. Troponin results should not be interpreted in isolation because myocardial injury is also encountered in non ACS cardiopulmonary disease. Patients with persistent…

…However, most clinicians who encounter patients with pacemakers only have access to conventional surface ECGs. Being able to assess pacemaker function and perform troubleshooting should…

…e.g air, water, metal, or tissue and fluids in the human body. Sound waves arise when a sound source generates mechanical vibrations in the…

…refractory. In this case ( Figure 1 ) it encounters a refractory right bundle branch and therefore the impulse is conducted with right bundle branch block morphology…

…If the left atrium encounters increased resistance (e.g due to mitral valve stenosis) it becomes enlarged (hypertrophy) which amplifies its contribution to the P…